Grades 11, 12
Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.
Generate resourceApply the understanding that usage is a matter of convention, can change over time, and is sometimes contested.
Generate resourceResolve issues of complex or contested usage, consulting references (e.g., Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage, Garner's Modern American Usage) as needed.
Generate resourceDemonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.
Generate resourceApply knowledge of language to understand how language functions in different contexts, to make effective choices for meaning or style, and to comprehend more fully when reading or listening.
Generate resourceVary syntax for effect, consulting references (e.g., Tufte's Artful Sentences) for guidance as needed; apply an understanding of syntax to the study of complex texts when reading.
Generate resourceDetermine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grades 11-12 reading and content, choosing flexibly from a range of strategies.
Generate resourceDetermine meanings of unfamiliar words by using knowledge of derivational roots and affixes, including cultural derivations (e.g., the root of photography and photosynthesis; kayak), context (e.g., the overall meaning of a sentence, paragraph, or text; a word's position or function in a sentence), dialectical English (e.g., Huck Finn), idiomatic expressions (e.g., "it drives me up a wall") as clues to the meaning of a word or phrase.
Generate resourceIdentify and correctly use patterns of word changes that indicate different meanings or parts of speech (e.g., conceive, conception, conceivable).
Generate resourceConsult general and specialized reference materials (e.g., dictionaries, glossaries, thesauruses), both print and digital, to find the pronunciation of a word or determine or clarify its precise meaning, its part of speech, its etymology, or its standard usage.
Generate resourceVerify the preliminary determination of the meaning of a word or phrase (e.g., by checking the inferred meaning in context or in a dictionary).
Generate resourceDemonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings.
Generate resourceInterpret figures of speech (e.g., hyperbole, paradox) in context and analyze their role in the text.
Generate resourceAnalyze nuances in the meaning of words with similar denotations (definition) or determine the meaning of analogies.
Generate resourceAcquire and use accurately general academic and domain-specific words and phrases, sufficient for reading, writing, speaking, and listening at the college and career readiness level; demonstrate independence in gathering vocabulary knowledge when considering a word or phrase important to comprehension or expression.
Generate resourceDemonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.
Generate resourceDemonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.
Generate resourceApply knowledge of language to understand how language functions in different contexts, to make effective choices for meaning or style, and to comprehend more fully when reading or listening.
Generate resourceDetermine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases by using context clues, analyzing meaningful word parts, and consulting general and specialized reference materials, as appropriate.
Generate resourceDemonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings.
Generate resourceAcquire and use accurately a range of general academic and domain-specific words and phrases sufficient for reading, writing, speaking, and listening at the college- and career-readiness level; demonstrate independence in gathering vocabulary knowledge when encountering an unknown term important to comprehension or expression.
Generate resourceWriting Standards for Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science and Technical Subjects
Generate resourceInterpret words and phrases as they are used in a text, including determining technical, connotative, and figurative meanings, and analyze how specific word choices shape meaning or tone.
Generate resourceAnalyze the structure of texts, including how specific sentences, paragraphs, and larger portions of the text (e.g., a section, chapter, scene, or stanza) relate to each other and the whole.
Generate resourceIntegrate and evaluate content presented in diverse media and formats, including visually and quantitatively, as well as in words.
Generate resourceDelineate and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, including the validity of the reasoning as well as the relevance and sufficiency of the evidence.
Generate resourceAnalyze how two or more texts address similar themes or topics in order to build knowledge or to compare the approaches the authors take.
Generate resourceRead closely to determine what the text says explicitly and to make logical inferences from it; cite specific textual evidence when writing or speaking to support conclusions drawn from the text.
Generate resourceDetermine central ideas or themes of a text and analyze their development; summarize the key supporting details and ideas.
Generate resourceAnalyze how and why individuals, events, and ideas develop and interact over the course of a text.
Generate resourceRead and comprehend a range of complex literary and informational texts independently and proficiently.
Generate resourceCite specific textual evidence to support analysis of primary and secondary sources, connecting insights gained from specific details to an understanding of the text as a whole.
Generate resourceBy the end of grade 12, read and comprehend history/social studies texts in the grades 11-12 text complexity band independently and proficiently.
Generate resourceDetermine the central ideas or information of a primary or secondary source; provide accurate summary that makes clear the relationships among the key details and ideas.
Generate resourceEvaluate various explanations for actions or events and determine which explanation best accords with textual evidence, acknowledging where the text leaves matters uncertain.
Generate resourceDetermine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative and connotative meanings; analyze the impact of specific word choices on meaning and tone, including analogies or allusions to other texts.
Generate resourceAnalyze in detail how a complex primary source is structured, including how key sentences, paragraphs, and larger portions of the text contribute to the whole.
Generate resourceEvaluate authors' differing points of view on the same historical event or issue by assessing the authors' claims, reasoning, and evidence.
Generate resourceIntegrate and evaluate multiple sources of information presented in diverse formats and media (e.g., visually, quantitatively, as well as in words) in order to address a question or solve a problem.
Generate resourceEvaluate an author's premises, claims, and evidence by corroborating or challenging them with other information.
Generate resourceIntegrate information from diverse sources, both primary and secondary, into a coherent understanding of an idea or event, noting discrepancies among sources.
Generate resourceCite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text, including determining where the text leaves matters uncertain.
Generate resourceBy the end of grade 11, read and comprehend literary nonfiction, within a complexity band appropriate to grade 11 (from upper grade 10 to grade 12), with scaffolding as needed at the high end of the range.<br />By the end of grade 12, read and comprehend literary nonfiction at the high end of the grades 11–12 text complexity band independently and proficiently.
Generate resourceDetermine two or more central ideas of a text and analyze their development over the course of the text, including how they interact and build on one another to provide a complex analysis; restate and summarize main ideas or events, in correct sequence when necessary, after reading a text.
Generate resourceAnalyze a complex set of ideas or sequence of events and explain how specific individuals, ideas, or events interact and develop over the course of the text.
Generate resourceDetermine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in various genres, including figurative, connotative, and technical meanings; analyze how an author uses and refines the meaning of a key term or terms over the course of a text.
Generate resourceAnalyze and evaluate the effectiveness of the structure an author uses in his or her exposition or argument, including whether the structure makes points clear, convincing, and engaging.
Generate resourceDiscern an author's point of view or purpose in a text in which the rhetoric is particularly effective, analyzing how style and content contribute to the power, persuasiveness, or aesthetic impact of the text.
Generate resourceIntegrate and evaluate multiple sources of information presented in different media or formats (e.g., visually, quantitatively) as well as in words in order to address a question or solve a problem.
Generate resourceDelineate and evaluate the reasoning in seminal U.S. texts, including the application of constitutional principles and use of legal reasoning (e.g., in U.S. Supreme Court majority opinions and dissents) and the premises, purposes, and arguments in works of public advocacy (e.g., The Federalist, presidential addresses).
Generate resourceAnalyze seventeenth-, eighteenth-, and nineteenth-century foundational U.S. and world documents of historical and literary significance (including The Declaration of Independence, the Preamble to the Constitution, the Bill of Rights, and Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address) for their themes, purposes, and rhetorical features.
Generate resourceCite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text, including determining where the text leaves matters uncertain (ambiguity).
Generate resourceBy the end of grade 11, read and comprehend a range of literature from a variety of cultures, within a complexity band appropriate to grade 11 (from upper grade 10 to grade 12), with scaffolding as needed at the high end of the range.<br />By the end of grade 12, read and comprehend a range of literature from a variety of cultures, at the high end of the grades 11–12 text complexity band independently and proficiently.
Generate resourceDetermine two or more themes or central ideas of a text and analyze their development over the course of the text, including how they interact and build on one another to produce a complex account; restate and summarize main ideas or events, in correct sequence, after reading a text.
Generate resourceAnalyze the impact of the author's choices regarding how to develop and relate elements of a story or drama (e.g., where a story is set, how the action is ordered, how the characters are introduced and developed).
Generate resourceDetermine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in the text, including figurative and connotative meanings; analyze the impact of specific word choices on meaning and tone, including words with multiple meanings or language that is particularly fresh, engaging, or beautiful. (Include Shakespeare as well as other authors.)
Generate resourceAnalyze how an author's choices concerning how to structure specific parts of a text (e.g., the choice of where to begin or end a story, the choice to provide a comedic or tragic resolution) contribute to its overall structure and meaning as well as its aesthetic impact.
Generate resourceAnalyze a case in which grasping point of view requires distinguishing what is directly stated in a text from what is really meant (e.g., satire, sarcasm, irony, understatement, or attitude).
Generate resourceAnalyze multiple interpretations of a story, drama, or poem (e.g., recorded or live production of a play or recorded novel or poetry), evaluating how each version interprets the source text. (Include at least one play by Shakespeare and one play by an American dramatist.)
Generate resourceDemonstrate knowledge of eighteenth-, nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century foundational works of American literature, including how two or more texts from the same period treat similar themes or topics.
Generate resourceCite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts, attending to important distinctions the author makes and to any gaps or inconsistencies in the account.
Generate resourceBy the end of grade 12, read and comprehend science/technical texts in the grades 11-12 text complexity band independently and proficiently.
Generate resourceDetermine the central ideas or conclusions of a text; summarize complex concepts, processes, or information presented in a text by paraphrasing them in simpler but still accurate terms.
Generate resourceFollow precisely a complex multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks; analyze the specific results based on explanations in the text.
Generate resourceDetermine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to grades 11-12 texts and topics.
Generate resourceAnalyze how the text structures information or ideas into categories or hierarchies, demonstrating understanding of the information or ideas.
Generate resourceAnalyze the author's purpose in providing an explanation, describing a procedure, or discussing an experiment in a text, identifying important issues that remain unresolved.
Generate resourceIntegrate and evaluate multiple sources of information presented in diverse formats and media (e.g., quantitative data, video, multimedia) in order to address a question or solve a problem.
Generate resourceEvaluate the hypotheses, data, analysis, and conclusions in a science or technical text, verifying the data when possible and corroborating or challenging conclusions with other sources of information.
Generate resourceSynthesize information from a range of sources (e.g., texts, experiments, simulations) into a coherent understanding of a process, phenomenon or concept, resolving conflicting information when possible.
Generate resourceInitiate and participate effectively in a range of collaborative discussions (one-on-one, in groups, and teacher-led) with diverse partners on grades 11–12 topics, texts, and issues, building on others' ideas and expressing their own clearly and persuasively.
Generate resourceCome to discussions prepared, having read and researched material under study; explicitly draw on that preparation by referring to evidence from texts and other research on the topic or issue to stimulate a thoughtful, well-reasoned exchange of ideas.
Generate resourceWork with peers to promote civil, democratic discussions and decision-making, set clear goals and deadlines, and establish individual roles as needed.
Generate resourcePropel conversations by posing and responding to questions that probe reasoning and evidence; ensure a hearing for a full range of positions on a topic or issue; clarify, verify, or challenge ideas and conclusions; and promote divergent and creative perspectives.
Generate resourceRespond thoughtfully to diverse perspectives or arguments; synthesize comments, claims, and evidence made on all sides of an issue; resolve contradictions when possible; and determine what additional information or research is required to deepen the investigation or complete the task.
Generate resourceIntegrate multiple sources of information presented in diverse formats and media (e.g., visually, quantitatively, orally) in order to make informed decisions and solve problems, evaluating the credibility and accuracy of each source and noting any discrepancies among the data or information.
Generate resourceIdentify and evaluate a speaker's point of view, reasoning, and use of evidence and rhetoric, assessing the stance, premises, links among ideas, word choice, points of emphasis, and tone used.
Generate resourcePresent information, findings, and supporting evidence, conveying a clear and distinct perspective, such that listeners can follow the line of reasoning, alternative or opposing perspectives are addressed, and the organization, development, substance, and style are appropriate to purpose, audience, and a range or formal and informal tasks.
Generate resourceMake strategic use of digital media (e.g., textual, graphical, audio, visual, and interactive elements) in presentations to enhance understanding of findings, reasoning, and evidence and to add interest.
Generate resourceAdapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, demonstrating a command of formal English when indicated or appropriate and addressing intended audience needs and knowledge level. (See grades 11–12 Language standards 1 and 3 for specific expectations.)
Generate resourcePrepare for and participate effectively in a range of conversations and collaborations with diverse partners, building on others' ideas and expressing their own clearly and persuasively.
Generate resourceIntegrate and evaluate information presented in diverse media and formats, including visually, quantitatively, and orally.
Generate resourceEvaluate a speaker's point of view, reasoning, and use of evidence and rhetoric.
Generate resourcePresent information, findings, and supporting evidence such that listeners can follow the line of reasoning and that the organization, development, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.
Generate resourceMake strategic use of digital media and visual displays of data to express information and enhance understanding of presentations.
Generate resourceAdapt speech to a variety of contexts and communicative tasks, demonstrating command of formal English when indicated or appropriate.
Generate resourceWrite arguments to support claims in an analysis of substantive topics or texts, using valid reasoning and relevant and sufficient evidence.
Generate resourceIntroduce precise, knowledgeable claim(s), establish the significance of the claim(s), distinguish the claim(s) from alternate or opposing claims, and create an organization that logically sequences claim(s), counterclaims, reasons, and evidence.
Generate resourceDevelop claim(s) and counterclaims fairly and thoroughly, supplying the most relevant evidence for each while pointing out the strengths and limitations of both in a manner that anticipates the audience's knowledge level, concerns, values, and possible biases.
Generate resourceUse words, phrases, and clauses as well as varied syntax to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and clarify the relationships between claim(s) and reasons, between reasons and evidence, and between claim(s) and counterclaims.
Generate resourceEstablish and maintain a formal style and objective tone while attending to the norms and conventions of the discipline in which they are writing.
Generate resourceProvide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the argument presented.
Generate resourceWrite routinely over extended time frames (time for research, reflection, and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of tasks, purposes, and audiences.
Generate resourceWrite informative/explanatory texts to examine and convey complex ideas, concepts, and information clearly and accurately through the effective selection, organization, and analysis of content.
Generate resourceIntroduce a topic; organize complex ideas, concepts, and information so that each new element builds on that which precedes it to create a unified whole; include formatting (e.g., headings), graphics (e.g., figures, tables), and multimedia when useful to aiding comprehension.
Generate resourceDevelop the topic thoroughly by selecting the most significant and relevant facts, extended definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples appropriate to the audience's knowledge of the topic.
Generate resourceUse appropriate and varied transitions and syntax to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and clarify the relationships among complex ideas and concepts.
Generate resourceUse precise language, domain-specific vocabulary, and techniques such as metaphor, simile, and analogy to manage the complexity of the topic.
Generate resourceEstablish and maintain a formal style and objective tone while attending to the norms and conventions of the discipline in which they are writing.
Generate resourceProvide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the information or explanation presented (e.g., articulating implications or the significance of the topic).
Generate resourceUse narrative writing to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, well-chosen details, and well-structured event sequences.
Generate resourceEngage and orient the reader by setting out a problem, situation, or observation and its significance, establishing one or multiple point(s) of view, and introducing a narrator and/or characters; create a smooth progression of experiences or events.
Generate resourceUse narrative techniques, such as dialogue, pacing, description, reflection, and multiple plot lines, to develop experiences, events, and/or characters.
Generate resourceUse a variety of techniques to sequence events so that they build on one another to create a coherent whole and build toward a particular tone and outcome (e.g., a sense of mystery, suspense, growth, or resolution).
Generate resourceUse precise words and phrases, telling details, and sensory language to convey a vivid picture of the experiences, events, setting, and/or characters.
Generate resourceProvide a conclusion that follows from and reflects on what is experienced, observed, or resolved over the course of the narrative.
Generate resourceProduce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, style, and features are appropriate to task, genre, purpose, and audience. (Grade-specific expectations for writing types are defined in standards 1–3 above.)
Generate resourceDevelop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach, focusing on addressing what is most significant for a specific purpose and audience. (Editing for conventions should demonstrate command of Language standards 1–3 up to and including grades 11–12.)
Generate resourceUse technology, including the Internet, to produce, publish, and update individual or shared writing products in response to ongoing feedback, including new arguments or information.
Generate resourceConduct short as well as more sustained research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question) or solve a problem; narrow or broaden the inquiry when appropriate; synthesize multiple sources on the subject, demonstrating understanding of the subject under investigation.
Generate resourceGather relevant information from multiple authoritative print and digital sources, using advanced searches effectively; assess the strengths and limitations of each source in terms of the task, purpose, and audience; integrate information into the text selectively to maintain the flow of ideas, avoiding plagiarism and overreliance on any one source and following a standard format for citation.
Generate resourceDraw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.
Generate resourceApply grades 11–12 Reading standards to literature (e.g., "Demonstrate knowledge of eighteenth-, nineteenth- and early twentieth-century foundational works of American literature, including how two or more texts from the same period treat similar themes or topics.").
Generate resourceApply grades 11–12 Reading standards to literary nonfiction (e.g., "Delineate and evaluate the reasoning in seminal U.S. texts, including the application of constitutional principles and use of legal reasoning [e.g., in U.S. Supreme Court Case majority opinions and dissents] and the premises, purposes, and arguments in works of public advocacy [e.g., The Federalist, presidential addresses].").
Generate resourceWrite informative/explanatory texts to examine and convey complex ideas and information clearly and accurately through the effective selection, organization, and analysis of content.
Generate resourceUse narrative writing to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, well-chosen details, and well-structured event sequences.
Generate resourceProduce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.
Generate resourceDevelop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach.
Generate resourceUse technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing and to interact and collaborate with others.
Generate resourceConduct short as well as more sustained research projects based on focused questions, demonstrating understanding of the subject under investigation.
Generate resourceGather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources, assess the credibility and accuracy of each source, and integrate the information while avoiding plagiarism.
Generate resourceDraw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.
Generate resourceWrite routinely over extended time frames (time for research, reflection, and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of tasks, purposes, and audiences.
Generate resourceWrite arguments to support claims in an analysis of substantive topics or texts, using valid reasoning and relevant and sufficient evidence.
Generate resourceIntroduce precise claim(s), knowledgeable claim(s), establish the significance of the claim(s), distinguish the claim(s) from alternate or opposing claims, and create an organization that logically sequences the claim(s), counterclaims, reasons, and evidence.
Generate resourceDevelop claim(s) and counterclaims fairly and thoroughly, supplying the most relevant data and evidence for each while pointing out the strengths and limitations of both claim(s) and counterclaims in a discipline-appropriate form that anticipates the audience's knowledge level, concerns, values, and possible biases.
Generate resourceUse words, phrases, and clauses as well as varied syntax to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and clarify the relationships between claim(s) and reasons between reasons and evidence, and between claim(s) and counterclaims.
Generate resourceEstablish and maintain a formal style and objective tone while attending to the norms and conventions of the discipline in which they are writing.
Generate resourceProvide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the argument presented.
Generate resourceWrite routinely over extended time frames (time for reflection and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences.
Generate resourceWrite informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/experiments, or technical processes.
Generate resourceIntroduce a topic clearly, previewing what is to follow; organize ideas, concepts, and information into broader categories; include formatting (e.g., headings), graphics (e.g., charts, tables), and multimedia when useful to aiding comprehension.
Generate resourceDevelop the topic thoroughly by selecting the most significant and relevant facts, extended definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples appropriate to the audience's knowledge of the topic.
Generate resourceUse varied transitions and sentence structures to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and clarify the relationships among complex ideas and concepts.
Generate resourceUse precise language and domain-specific vocabulary and techniques such as metaphor, simile, and analogy to manage the complexity of the topic; convey a knowledgeable stance in a style that responds to the discipline and context as well as to the expertise of likely readers.
Generate resourceProvide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the information or explanation presented (e.g., articulating implications or the significance of the topic).
Generate resourceProduce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.
Generate resourceDevelop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach, focusing on what is most significant for a specific purpose and audience.
Generate resourceUse technology, including the Internet, to produce, publish, and update individual or shared writing products in response to ongoing feedback, including new arguments or information.
Generate resourceConduct short as well as more sustained research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question) or solve a problem; narrow or broaden the inquiry when appropriate; synthesize multiple sources on the subject, demonstrating understanding of the subject under investigation.
Generate resourceGather relevant information from multiple authoritative print and digital sources, using advanced searches effectively; assess the strengths and limitations of each source in terms of the specific task, purpose, and audience; integrate information into the text selectively to maintain the flow of ideas, avoiding plagiarism and overreliance on any one source and following a standard format for citation.
Generate resourceDraw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.
Generate resourceGrades 9, 10
Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.
Generate resourceUse various types of phrases (noun, verb, adjectival, adverbial, participial, prepositional, absolute) and clauses (independent, dependent; noun, relative, adverbial) to convey specific meanings and add variety and interest to writing or presentations.
Generate resourceDemonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.
Generate resourceUse a semicolon (and perhaps a conjunctive adverb) to link two or more closely related independent clauses.
Generate resourceApply knowledge of language to understand how language functions in different contexts, to make effective choices for meaning or style, and to comprehend more fully when reading or listening.
Generate resourceWrite and edit work so that it conforms to the guidelines in a style manual (e.g., MLA Handbook, Turabian's Manual for Writers) appropriate for the discipline and writing type.
Generate resourceDetermine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grades 9-10 reading and content, choosing flexibly from a range of strategies.
Generate resourceDetermine meanings of unfamiliar words by using knowledge of derivational roots and affixes, including cultural derivations (e.g., the root of photography and photosynthesis; kayak), context (e.g., the overall meaning of a sentence, paragraph, or text; a word's position or function in a sentence), dialectical English (e.g., Huck Finn), idiomatic expressions (e.g., "it drives me up a wall") as clues to the meaning of a word or phrase.
Generate resourceIdentify and correctly use patterns of word changes that indicate different meanings or parts of speech (e.g., analyze, analysis, analytical; advocate, advocacy).
Generate resourceConsult general and specialized reference materials (e.g., dictionaries, glossaries, thesauruses), both print and digital, to find the pronunciation of a word or determine or clarify its precise meaning, its part of speech, or its etymology.
Generate resourceVerify the preliminary determination of the meaning of a word or phrase (e.g., by checking the inferred meaning in context or in a dictionary).
Generate resourceDemonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings.
Generate resourceInterpret figures of speech (e.g., euphemism, oxymoron) in context and analyze their role in the text.
Generate resourceAnalyze nuances in the meaning of words with similar denotation (definition) or determine the meaning of analogies.
Generate resourceAcquire and use accurately general academic and domain-specific words and phrases, sufficient for reading, writing, speaking, and listening at the college and career readiness level; demonstrate independence in gathering vocabulary knowledge when considering a word or phrase important to comprehension or expression.
Generate resourceDemonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.
Generate resourceDemonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.
Generate resourceApply knowledge of language to understand how language functions in different contexts, to make effective choices for meaning or style, and to comprehend more fully when reading or listening.
Generate resourceDetermine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases by using context clues, analyzing meaningful word parts, and consulting general and specialized reference materials, as appropriate.
Generate resourceDemonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings.
Generate resourceAcquire and use accurately a range of general academic and domain-specific words and phrases sufficient for reading, writing, speaking, and listening at the college- and career-readiness level; demonstrate independence in gathering vocabulary knowledge when encountering an unknown term important to comprehension or expression.
Generate resourceWriting Standards for Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science and Technical Subjects
Generate resourceInterpret words and phrases as they are used in a text, including determining technical, connotative, and figurative meanings, and analyze how specific word choices shape meaning or tone.
Generate resourceAnalyze the structure of texts, including how specific sentences, paragraphs, and larger portions of the text (e.g., a section, chapter, scene, or stanza) relate to each other and the whole.
Generate resourceIntegrate and evaluate content presented in diverse media and formats, including visually and quantitatively, as well as in words.
Generate resourceDelineate and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, including the validity of the reasoning as well as the relevance and sufficiency of the evidence.
Generate resourceAnalyze how two or more texts address similar themes or topics in order to build knowledge or to compare the approaches the authors take.
Generate resourceRead closely to determine what the text says explicitly and to make logical inferences from it; cite specific textual evidence when writing or speaking to support conclusions drawn from the text.
Generate resourceDetermine central ideas or themes of a text and analyze their development; summarize the key supporting details and ideas.
Generate resourceAnalyze how and why individuals, events, and ideas develop and interact over the course of a text.
Generate resourceRead and comprehend a range of complex literary and informational texts independently and proficiently.
Generate resourceCite specific textual evidence to support analysis of primary and secondary sources, attending to such features as the date and origin of the information.
Generate resourceBy the end of grade 10, read and comprehend history/social studies texts in the grades 9-10 text complexity band independently and proficiently.
Generate resourceDetermine the central ideas or information of a primary or secondary source; provide accurate summary of how key events or ideas develop over the course of the text.
Generate resourceAnalyze in detail a series of events described in a text; determine whether earlier events caused later ones or simply preceded them.
Generate resourceDetermine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including vocabulary describing political, social, or economic aspects of history/social studies.
Generate resourceAnalyze how a text uses structure to emphasize key points or advance an explanation or analysis.
Generate resourceCompare the point of view of two or more authors for how they treat the same or similar topics, including which details they include and emphasize in their respective accounts.
Generate resourceIntegrate quantitative or technical analysis (e.g., charts, research data) with qualitative analysis in print or digital texts.
Generate resourceAssess the extent to which the reasoning and evidence in a text support the author's claim.
Generate resourceCompare and contrast treatments of the same topic in several primary and secondary sources.
Generate resourceCite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.
Generate resourceBy the end of grade 9, read and comprehend literary nonfiction, within a complexity band appropriate to grade 9 (from upper grade 8 to grade 10), with scaffolding as needed at the high end of the range.<br />By the end of grade 10, read and comprehend literary nonfiction, within a complexity band appropriate to grade 10 (from upper grade 9 to grade 11), with scaffolding as needed at the high end of the range.
Generate resourceDetermine a central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including how it emerges and is shaped and refined by specific details; restate and summarize main ideas or events, in correct sequence when necessary, after reading a text.
Generate resourceAnalyze how the author unfolds an analysis or series of ideas or events, including the order in which the points are made, how they are introduced and developed, and the connections that are drawn between them.
Generate resourceDetermine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in various genres, including figurative, connotative, and technical meanings; analyze the cumulative impact of specific word choices on meaning and tone (e.g., how the language of a court opinion differs from that of a newspaper).
Generate resourceAnalyze in detail how an author's ideas or claims are developed and refined by particular sentences, paragraphs, or larger portions of a text (e.g., a section or chapter).
Generate resourceDetermine an author's point of view or purpose in a text and analyze how an author uses rhetoric to advance that point of view or purpose.
Generate resourceAnalyze various accounts of a subject told in different media (e.g., a person's life story in both print and multimedia), determining which details are emphasized in each account.
Generate resourceDelineate and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text (e.g., bias and propaganda techniques, emotional effect of specific word choices and sentence structures, well-supported logical arguments), assessing whether the reasoning is valid and the evidence is relevant and sufficient; identify false statements and fallacious reasoning.
Generate resourceAnalyze seminal U.S. and world documents of historical and literary significance (e.g., Washington's Farewell Address, the Gettysburg Address, Roosevelt's Four Freedoms speech, King's "Letter from Birmingham Jail"), including how they address related themes and concepts.
Generate resourceCite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as implicit inferences drawn from the text.
Generate resourceBy the end of grade 9, read and comprehend a range of literature from a variety of cultures, within a complexity band appropriate to grade 9 (from upper grade 8 to grade 10), with scaffolding as needed at the high end of the range.<br />By the end of grade 10, read and comprehend a range of literature from a variety of cultures, within a complexity band appropriate to grade 10 (from upper grade 9 to grade 11), with scaffolding as needed at the high end of the range.
Generate resourceDetermine a theme or central idea of a text and analyze in detail its development over the course of the text, including how it emerges and is shaped and refined by specific details; restate and summarize main ideas or events, in correct sequence, after reading a text.
Generate resourceAnalyze how complex characters (e.g., those with multiple or conflicting motivations) develop over the course of a text, interact with other characters, and advance the plot or develop the theme.
Generate resourceDetermine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in the text, including figurative and connotative meanings; analyze the cumulative impact of specific word choices on meaning and tone (e.g., how the language evokes a sense of time and place; how it sets a formal or informal tone).
Generate resourceAnalyze how an author's choices concerning how to structure a text, use literary devices appropriate to genre (e.g., foreshadowing, imagery, allusion or symbolism), order events within it (e.g., parallel plots), and manipulate time (e.g., pacing, flashbacks) create such effects as mystery, tension, or surprise.
Generate resourceAnalyze a particular point of view or cultural experience reflected in a work of literature (e.g., mythology, colonialism, local culture), drawing on a wide reading of world literature.
Generate resourceAnalyze the representation of a subject or a key scene in two different artistic media, including what is emphasized or absent in each treatment (e.g., Auden's "Musée des Beaux Arts" and Breughel's Landscape with the Fall of Icarus).
Generate resourceAnalyze how an author draws on and transforms source material in a specific work (e.g., how Shakespeare treats a theme or topic from Ovid or how a later author draws on a play by Shakespeare).
Generate resourceCite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts, attending to the precise details of explanations or descriptions.
Generate resourceBy the end of grade 10, read and comprehend science/technical texts in the grades 9-10 text complexity band independently and proficiently.
Generate resourceDetermine the central ideas or conclusions of a text; trace the text's explanation or depiction of a complex process, phenomenon, or concept; provide an accurate summary of the text.
Generate resourceFollow precisely a complex multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks, attending to special cases or exceptions defined in the text.
Generate resourceDetermine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to grades 9-10 texts and topics.
Generate resourceAnalyze the structure of the relationships among concepts in a text, including relationships among key terms (e.g., force, friction, reaction force, energy).
Generate resourceAnalyze the author's purpose in providing an explanation, describing a p0rocedure, or discussing an experiment in a text, defining the question the author seeks to address.
Generate resourceTranslate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text into visual from (e.g., a table or chart) and translate information expressed visually or mathematically (e.g., in an equation) into words.
Generate resourceAssess the extent to which the reasoning and evidence in a text support the author's claim or a recommendation for solving a scientific or technical problem.
Generate resourceCompare and contrast findings presented in a text to those from other sources (including their own experiments), noting when the findings support or contradict previous explanations or accounts.
Generate resourceInitiate and participate effectively in a range of collaborative discussions (one-on-one, in groups, and teacher-led) with diverse partners on grades 9–10 topics, texts, and issues, building on others' ideas and expressing their own clearly and persuasively.
Generate resourceCome to discussions prepared, having read and researched material under study; explicitly draw on that preparation by referring to evidence from texts and other research on the topic or issue to stimulate a thoughtful, well-reasoned exchange of ideas.
Generate resourceWork with peers to set rules for collegial discussions and decision-making (e.g., informal consensus, taking votes on key issues, presentation of alternate views), clear goals and deadlines, and individual roles as needed.
Generate resourcePropel conversations by posing and responding to questions that relate the current discussion to broader themes or larger ideas; actively incorporate others into the discussion; and clarify, verify, or challenge ideas and conclusions.
Generate resourceRespond thoughtfully to diverse perspectives, summarize points of agreement and disagreement, and, when warranted, qualify or justify their own views and understanding and make new connections in light of the evidence and reasoning presented.
Generate resourceIntegrate multiple sources of information presented in diverse media or formats (e.g., visually, quantitatively, orally) evaluating the credibility and accuracy of each source and noting any discrepancies among data or information.
Generate resourceIdentify and evaluate a speaker's point of view, reasoning, and use of evidence and rhetoric, identifying any fallacious reasoning or exaggerated or distorted evidence.
Generate resourcePresent information, findings, and supporting evidence clearly, concisely, and logically such that listeners can follow the line of reasoning and the organization, development, substance, and style are appropriate to purpose, audience, and task.
Generate resourceMake strategic use of digital media (e.g., textual, graphical, audio, visual, and interactive elements) in presentations to enhance understanding of findings, reasoning, and evidence and to add interest.
Generate resourceAdapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, demonstrating command of formal English when indicated or appropriate and addressing intended audience needs and knowledge level. (See grades 9–10 Language standards 1 and 3 for specific expectations.)
Generate resourcePrepare for and participate effectively in a range of conversations and collaborations with diverse partners, building on others' ideas and expressing their own clearly and persuasively.
Generate resourceIntegrate and evaluate information presented in diverse media and formats, including visually, quantitatively, and orally.
Generate resourceEvaluate a speaker's point of view, reasoning, and use of evidence and rhetoric.
Generate resourcePresent information, findings, and supporting evidence such that listeners can follow the line of reasoning and that the organization, development, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.
Generate resourceMake strategic use of digital media and visual displays of data to express information and enhance understanding of presentations.
Generate resourceAdapt speech to a variety of contexts and communicative tasks, demonstrating command of formal English when indicated or appropriate.
Generate resourceWrite arguments to support claims in an analysis of substantive topics or texts, using valid reasoning and relevant and sufficient evidence.
Generate resourceIntroduce precise claim(s), distinguish the claim(s) from alternate or opposing claims, and create an organization that establishes clear relationships among claim(s), counterclaims, reasons, and evidence.
Generate resourceDevelop claim(s) and counterclaims fairly, supplying evidence for each while pointing out the strengths and limitations of both in a manner that anticipates the audience's knowledge level and concerns.
Generate resourceUse words, phrases, and clauses to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and clarify the relationships between claim(s) and reasons, between reasons and evidence, and between claim(s) and counterclaims.
Generate resourceEstablish and maintain a formal style and objective tone while attending to the norms and conventions of the discipline in which they are writing.
Generate resourceProvide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the argument presented.
Generate resourceWrite routinely over extended time frames (time for research, reflection, and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of tasks, purposes, and audiences.
Generate resourceWrite informative/explanatory texts to examine and convey complex ideas, concepts, and information clearly and accurately through the effective selection, organization, and analysis of content.
Generate resourceIntroduce a topic; organize complex ideas, concepts, and information to make important connections and distinctions; include formatting (e.g., headings), graphics (e.g., figures, tables), and multimedia when useful to aiding comprehension.
Generate resourceDevelop the topic with well-chosen, relevant, and sufficient facts, extended definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples appropriate to the audience's knowledge of the topic.
Generate resourceUse appropriate and varied transitions to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and clarify the relationships among complex ideas and concepts.
Generate resourceUse precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to manage the complexity of the topic.
Generate resourceEstablish and maintain a formal style and objective tone while attending to the norms and conventions of the discipline in which they are writing.
Generate resourceProvide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the information or explanation presented (e.g., articulating implications or the significance of the topic).
Generate resourceUse narrative writing to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, well-chosen details, and well-structured event sequences.
Generate resourceEngage and orient the reader by setting out a problem, situation, or observation, establishing one or multiple point(s) of view, and introducing a narrator and/or characters; create a smooth progression of experiences or events.
Generate resourceUse narrative techniques, such as dialogue, pacing, description, reflection, and multiple plot lines, to develop experiences, events, and/or characters.
Generate resourceUse a variety of techniques to sequence events so that they build on one another to create a coherent whole.
Generate resourceUse precise words and phrases, telling details, and sensory language to convey a vivid picture of the experiences, events, setting, and/or characters.
Generate resourceProvide a conclusion that follows from and reflects on what is experienced, observed, or resolved over the course of the narrative.
Generate resourceProduce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, style, and features are appropriate to task, genre, purpose, and audience. (Grade-specific expectations for writing types are defined in standards 1–3 above.)
Generate resourceDevelop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach, focusing on addressing what is most significant for a specific purpose and audience. (Editing for conventions should demonstrate command of Language standards 1–3 up to and including grades 9–10.)
Generate resourceUse technology, including the Internet, to produce, publish, and update individual or shared writing products, taking advantage of technology's capacity to link to other information and to display information flexibly and dynamically.
Generate resourceConduct short as well as more sustained research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question) or solve a problem; narrow or broaden the inquiry when appropriate; synthesize multiple sources on the subject, demonstrating understanding of the subject under investigation.
Generate resourceGather relevant information from multiple authoritative print and digital sources, using advanced searches effectively; assess the usefulness of each source in answering the research question; integrate information into the text selectively to maintain the flow of ideas, avoiding plagiarism and following a standard format for citation.
Generate resourceDraw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.
Generate resourceApply grades 9–10 Reading standards to literature (e.g., "Analyze how an author draws on and transforms source material in a specific work [e.g., how Shakespeare treats a theme or topic from Ovid or how a later author draws on a play by Shakespeare].").
Generate resourceApply grades 9–10 Reading standards to literary nonfiction (e.g., "Delineate and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text [e.g., bias and propaganda techniques, emotional effect of specific word choices and sentence structures, well-supported logical arguments], assessing whether the reasoning is valid and the evidence is relevant and sufficient; identify false statements and fallacious reasoning.").
Generate resourceWrite informative/explanatory texts to examine and convey complex ideas and information clearly and accurately through the effective selection, organization, and analysis of content.
Generate resourceUse narrative writing to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, well-chosen details, and well-structured event sequences.
Generate resourceProduce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.
Generate resourceDevelop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach.
Generate resourceUse technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing and to interact and collaborate with others.
Generate resourceConduct short as well as more sustained research projects based on focused questions, demonstrating understanding of the subject under investigation.
Generate resourceGather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources, assess the credibility and accuracy of each source, and integrate the information while avoiding plagiarism.
Generate resourceDraw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.
Generate resourceWrite routinely over extended time frames (time for research, reflection, and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of tasks, purposes, and audiences.
Generate resourceWrite arguments to support claims in an analysis of substantive topics or texts, using valid reasoning and relevant and sufficient evidence.
Generate resourceIntroduce precise claim(s), distinguish the claim(s) from alternate or opposing claims, and create an organization that establishes clear relationships among the claim(s), counterclaims, reasons, and evidence.
Generate resourceDevelop claim(s) and counterclaims fairly, supplying data and evidence for each while pointing out the strengths and limitations of both claim(s) and counterclaims in a discipline-appropriate form and in a manner that anticipates the audience's knowledge level and concerns.
Generate resourceUse words, phrases, and clauses to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and clarify the relationships between claim(s) and reasons between reasons and evidence, and between claim(s) and counterclaims.
Generate resourceEstablish and maintain a formal style and objective tone while attending to the norms and conventions of the discipline in which they are writing.
Generate resourceProvide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the argument presented.
Generate resourceWrite routinely over extended time frames (time for reflection and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences.
Generate resourceWrite informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/experiments, or technical processes.
Generate resourceIntroduce a topic clearly, previewing what is to follow; organize ideas, concepts, and information, using strategies such as definition, classification, comparison/contrast, and cause/effect; include formatting (e.g., headings), graphics (e.g., charts, tables), and multimedia when useful to aiding comprehension.
Generate resourceDevelop the topic with well-chosen, relevant, and sufficient facts, extended definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples appropriate to the audience's knowledge of the topic.
Generate resourceUse varied transitions and sentence structures to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and clarify the relationships among ideas and concepts.
Generate resourceUse precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to manage the complexity of the topic and convey a style appropriate to the discipline and context as well as to the expertise of likely readers.
Generate resourceEstablish and maintain a formal style and objective tone while attending to the norms and conventions of the discipline in which they are writing.
Generate resourceProvide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the information or explanation presented (e.g., articulating implications or the significance of the topic).
Generate resourceProduce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.
Generate resourceDevelop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach, focusing on addressing what is most significant for a specific purpose and audience.
Generate resourceUse technology, including the Internet, to produce, publish, and update individual or shared writing products, taking advantage of technology's capacity to link to other information and to display information flexibly and dynamically.
Generate resourceConduct short as well as more sustained research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question) or solve a problem; narrow or broaden the inquiry when appropriate; synthesize multiple sources on the subject, demonstrating understanding of the subject under investigation.
Generate resourceGather relevant information from multiple authoritative print and digital sources, using advanced searches effectively; assess the usefulness of each source in answering the research question; integrate information into the text selectively to maintain the flow of ideas, avoiding plagiarism and following a standard format for citation.
Generate resourceDraw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.
Generate resource